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Calculating the Inventory and Expenses of Business

Inventory is usually the largest current asset of any business that sells products. If the inventory account is greater at the end of the period than it is at the start of the reporting period, the amount that is actually paid in cash, by the business for that inventory, is more than what the business recorded as its cost of goods sold expense.

When the inventory is more than the goods sold expense, the accountant deducts the inventory increase from the net income in order to determine cash flow from profit. The prepaid expenses asset account works in much the same way as the change in inventory and accounts receivable accounts. However, changes in prepaid expenses are usually much smaller than changes in those other two asset accounts.

The beginning balance of prepaid expenses is charged to expenses in the current year, but the cash was actually paid out last year. This period, the business pays cash for next period’s prepaid expenses, which affects this period’s cash flow, but doesn’t affect net income until the next period. Simple, right?

As a business grows, it needs to increase its prepaid expenses for such things as hazard insurance premiums, which have to be paid in advance of the insurance coverage, and its stock of office supplies. Increases in accounts receivable, inventory and prepaid expenses are the cash flow price a business has to pay for growth. Rarely do you find a business that can increase its sales revenue without increasing these assets.

The lagging behind effect of cash flow is the price of business growth. Managers and investors need to understand that increasing sales without increasing accounts receivable isn’t a realistic scenario for growth. In the real business world, you generally can’t enjoy growth in revenue without incurring additional expenses.

01/09/2013
To Determine Business Revenue and Receivables

In most businesses, what drive the balance sheet are sales and expenses. In other words, they cause the assets and liabilities in a business. One of the more complicated accounting items is the accounts receivable calculation.

As a hypothetical situation, imagine a business that offers all its customers a 30-day credit period, which is fairly common in transactions between businesses, (not transactions between a business and individual consumers).

An accounts receivable asset shows how much money customers who bought products on credit still owe the business. It’s a promise of cash that the business will receive. Basically, accounts receivable is the amount of uncollected sales revenue at the end of the accounting period. Cash does not increase until the business actually collects this money from its business customers.

However, the amount of money in accounts receivable is included in the total sales revenue for that same period. The business did make the sales, even if it hasn’t acquired all the money from those sales yet. Sales revenue, then isn’t equal to the amount of cash that the business accumulated.

To get actual cash flow, the accountant must subtract the amount of credit sales not collected from the sales revenue in cash. Then add in the amount of cash that was collected for the credit sales that were made in the preceding reporting period.

If the amount of credit sales a business made during the reporting period is greater than what was collected from customers, then the accounts receivable account increased over the period and the business has to subtract that difference from net income.

And when the amount they collected during the reporting period is greater than the credit sales made, it means that the accounts receivable decreased over the reporting period, and the accountant needs to add to net income that difference between the receivables at the beginning of the reporting period and the receivables at the end of the same period.

01/06/2013
The Balance Sheet Tells Much About Your Business

A balance sheet is a quick picture of the financial condition of a business at a specific period in time. The activities of a business fall into two separate groups that are reported by an accountant. They are profit-making activities, which includes sales and expenses. This can also be referred to as operating activities.

There are also financing and investing activities that include securing money from debt and equity sources of capital, returning capital to these sources, making distributions from profit to the business owners, making investments in assets and eventually disposing of the assets in the manner best suited to meet regulatory guidelines.

Profit making activities are reported in the income statement; financing and investing activities are found in the statement of cash flows. In other words, two different financial statements are prepared for the two different types of transactions. The statement of cash flows also reports the cash increases or decreases from profit during the year as opposed to the amount of profit that is reported in the income statement.

The balance sheet is different from the income and cash flow statements which report, as it says, incoming of cash and outgoing cash. The balance sheet represents the balances – or amounts – of a company’s assets, liabilities and owners’ equity at an instant in time. The word balance has different meanings at different times.

Balance, as it is used in the term balance sheet, refers to the balance of the two opposite sides of a business, total assets on one side and total liabilities on the other. However, the balance of an account, such as the asset, liability, revenue and expense accounts, refers to the amount in the account after recording increases and decreases in the account, just like the balance in your checking account.

Accountants can prepare a balance sheet any time that a manager requests it. But they’re generally prepared at the end of each month, quarter and year. It’s always prepared at the close of business on the last day of the profit period. It can also be prepared quarterly, as a matter of course; and it is usually prepared in conjunction with a profit and loss statement.

01/03/2013
Keeping an Attentive Eye on Gains and Losses

It would probably be ideal if business and life were as simple as producing goods, selling them and recording the profits. But there are often circumstances that disrupt the cycle, and it’s part of the accountant’s job to report these as well. Changes in the business climate, or cost of goods or any number of things can lead to exceptional or extraordinary gains and losses in a business.

Some things that might alter the income statement can include downsizing or restructuring the business. This used to be a rare thing in the business environment, but is now fairly commonplace. Usually it’s done to offset losses in other areas and to decrease the cost of employees’ salaries and benefits. However, there are costs involved with this as well, such as severance pay, outplacement services, and retirement costs.

In other circumstances, a business might decide to discontinue certain product lines. Western Union, for example, recently delivered its very last telegram. The nature of communication has changed so drastically, with email, cell phones and other forms, that telegrams have been rendered obsolete. When you no longer sell enough of a product at a high enough profit to make the costs of manufacturing it worthwhile, then it’s time to change your product mix.

Lawsuits and other legal actions can cause extraordinary losses or gains as well. If you win damages in a lawsuit against others, then you’ve generated an extraordinary gain. Likewise if your own legal fees and damages or fines are excessive, then these can significantly impact the income statement.

Occasionally a business will change accounting methods or need to correct some inevitable errors that had been made in previous financial reports. Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures (GAAP) require that businesses make any one-time losses or gains very visible in their income statement; so it is important that small business as well as major corporations pay close attention to these principles.

12/30/2012
Keeping Your Assets and Liabilities in Proper Balance

Making a profit in business is derived from several different areas. It can get a little complicated because – similar to monetary activities in our personal lives – business is run on credit as well. Many businesses sell their products and services to customers on credit, and as such, adhere to certain accounting principles.

Accountants use an asset account called accounts receivables to record the total amount owed to the business by its customers who haven’t paid the balance in full yet. Much of the time, a business hasn’t collected its receivables in full by the end of the fiscal year, especially for such credit sales that could be transacted near the end of the accounting period.

The accountant will record sales revenue and the cost of goods sold for these sales in the year in which they were made and the products delivered to the customer. This is called accrual-based accounting, based on the fact that it records revenue when sales are made and records expenses when they’re incurred as well.

When sales are made on credit, the accounts receivable asset account is increased. When cash is received from customers, then the cash account is increased and the accounts receivable account is decreased. The cost of goods sold is one of the major expenses of businesses that sell goods, products or services. Even a service involves expenses.

Therefore what this means exactly is what it says: The cost that a business pays for the products it sells to customers is the cost of goods sold. A business makes its profit by selling its products at prices high enough to cover the cost of producing them, the costs of running the business, the interest on any money they’ve borrowed and income taxes, with money left over for profit.

When the business acquires products, the cost of those products goes into what’s called an inventory asset account. That cost is deducted from the cash account, or added to the accounts payable liability account, depending on whether the business has paid with cash or credit.

12/28/2012
What Is Accounting Anyway?

Anyone who’s worked in an office at some point or another has had to go to accounting. They’re the people who pay and send out the bills that keep the business running. They do a lot more than that, though. Sometimes referred to as “bean counters” they also keep their eye on profits, costs and losses.

Unless you’re running your own business and acting as your own accountant, you’d have no way of knowing just how profitable – or not – your business is without some form of accounting. No matter what business you’re in, even if all you do is balance a checkbook, that’s still accounting. It’s part of even a kid’s life. Savings an allowance, spending it all at once – these are accounting principles.

What are some other businesses where accounting is critical? Well, farmers need to follow careful accounting procedures. Many of them run their farms year to year by taking loans to plant the crops. If it’s a good year, a profitable one, then they can pay off their loan; if not, they might have to carry the loan over, and accrue more interest charges.

Every business and every individual needs to have some kind of accounting system in their lives. Otherwise, the finances can get away from them, they don’t know what they’ve spent, or whether they can expect a profit or a loss from their business. Staying on top of accounting, whether it’s for a multi-billion dollar business or for a personal checking account is a necessary activity on a daily basis if you’re smart.

Not doing so can mean anything from a bounced check or posting a loss to a company’s shareholders. Both scenarios can be equally devastating. Accounting is basically information, and this information is published periodically in business as a profit and loss statement, or an income statement.

12/25/2012
Reasons to Hire a Tax Law Attorney

The IRS is probably the most feared arm of the United States government. There are people who fear the IRS more than they do the FBI or the CIA. In facing this branch of the government, you will need a lot of help. While some people may advice you to get a Certified Public Accountant, there are lots of reasons not to do so. In fact, what you should do is get a tax law attorney.

Why should you hire a tax law attorney? First of all, facing the IRS means that you either haven’t hired an accountant, or your current accountant has done a pretty bad job of managing your finances. This means that it is already too late to hire another CPA to fix your problem.

The IRS has already done the math, so you will be wasting resources if you hire another person to do it all over again. You need to focus on areas that you still need to prepare for. What you need is a competent tax law attorney to help you with the legalities that you will be facing.

There is also the issue of client-attorney confidentiality. While a CPA can be forced to divulge any information concerning your accounts to a court, a tax law attorney is legally exempted from doing so. Remember that this confidentiality can be extremely important during trials.

Another advantage tax attorneys have over CPAs is a deep understanding of the ambiguity of tax law. CPAs are trained to recognize something as either black or white. They are trained to categorize things very specifically and may not recognize the various gray areas of tax law. A good tax law attorney knows that the law can have a thousand different interpretations and uses this fact to your advantage.

A tax law attorney can also help you by giving you truly complete advice. This is because of the fact that they are experienced in matters involving tax laws. A tax law attorney will be able to give you advice on different legal measures that you can take to solve your Tax problems. A CPA can only help you in terms of fixing your budget or computing your taxes, but can offer very little help regarding how to fix your tax problems.

A tax law attorney, on the other hand, can show you a lot of things you can do to legally get the IRS off your back. A good tax law attorney can help you by giving you various tips on how to compromise with the IRS and end up paying much less than what you might think is your due.

The IRS can use different techniques to intimidate you into paying the amount that they will insist you owe. People who are unfamiliar with the methods of the IRS often pay this amount without taking the time to question why. A good tax law attorney can help you get over your fear of the IRS and meet them on the legal battleground.

A good tax attorney will have the resources necessary to help you overcome any intimidation tactics that the IRS may use to force you to pay. The best reason that you can have to hire a tax law attorney is the fact that taxes are based on laws. This means that taxes are the natural stomping grounds of tax attorneys. They know their ways around it and they know how to survive it.

12/22/2012